Photographic gamma control



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t Filed April 20. 1945 2 Sheets-Sheet l v DEPOLR/Z/NG IMA GE FIG.Z.

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ZI ZZ MA 5mn/G TRANSPA REA/CY wmf-lv DfPo/ AR/z/NG JMA @E CEDRIC HAROLD SMITH INVENTOR Bymzqmw Y WMM Am e AG'T Jan; 4, m49.

C. H. SMITH PHOTOGRAPHIC GAMMA CONTROL 2 Sheets-Sheet 2 Filed April 2Q, 1945 Patented Jan. 4, 1949 A 2,458,437 Y y i rnoroonarnro Giunta CONTROL Cedric Harold Smith, Wcaldstone, England, as-

signor to Eastman Kodak Company, Rochester, N. Y., a corporation of New Jersey j 4 Application April 2o, 1945, serial Nfsssss This is a continuation-in-part of Serial No.

448,457 filed June 25, 1942 now abandoneglkaiclt 'mermnmommatnof explanation obvious from but not appearing in the original.

This invention relates to a method of modify ing the eiective tones of transparencies which are either to be viewed directly or to be used for the preparation of photographic prints, for example, color separation negatives. That is, it relates to gamma control and has for its primary object the provision of a method oi gamma control.

One object of my invention is to provide a method of causing a transparency to appear to be reversed as to dark and iight by optical means so that when such optical means are removed the transparency appears to be not so reversed. According to my invention this is achieved by iirst making the transparency as an image in a compound which possesses a high depolarizing power and then placing this transparency between polarizing -iilters which are so oriented relative to each other that the light which is polarized by the iirst polarizer and which is not depolarized by a lighter tone of the image is stopped by the second polarizing layer at least suiciently so that such tone appears less bright than an originally darker tone from which there is more depolarized light able to pass through the second polarizing layer.

Anothed object of my invention is to cause a transparency to appear to be of more or less uniform tone all over. According to my invention this is achieved by adjusting the above-inentioned polarizers 'so that the light which is polarized by the first polarizer and which is not depolarized by a lignier tone of the image is stopped by the second polarizer just sufficiently that such tone becomes of equal brightness to an originally darkertone from which there is more depolarized light able to pass through the second polarizer. i

Thus, the present invention has the advantage over prior methods of controlling the gamma of photographic images, of varying the gamma all the way from a. -positive through zero to a negative. This unique phenomenon has a certain similarity to the effect of dark field illumination as compared with direct illumination in microscopy. Since something like dark field phenomena have been applied to photographic printing in prior proposals, their operation will be discussed briefly mainly to bring out the points of dissimilarity. To produce negative gamma 6 Ciainis.

(cies-sl) r by converting from direct to dark eld illumination requires so-called side lighting, which means that the illumination varies from point to point of the object or image being illuminated and this variation is quite noticeable except when the area is very small indeed as under a microscope. Thus, in comparison with any system of dark eld illumination, the present invention has as one of its objects and main advantages, the provision of uniform illumination over the whole of the image and also over the whole of the sensitive surface when a print is made therefrom. Also the dark eld systems are very ineicient optically, requiring an enormous increase in exposure times when the dark iield alternative is used.

Another object of the invention has to do only with color photography and is to provide a difierential gamma control system so that when t'wo images are in masking register, the gamma of one may be varied at will, without appreciably affecting the gamma of the other. At least the relative gamma of two images can be controlled even to the point of eliminating one of the images entirely (giving it zero gamma) or changing its gamma from positive to negative.

According to the invention the apparent gamma of a record containing a light-depolarizing image is varied by trans-illuminating the image uniformly with polarized light and orienting a uniform polarizing lter in the light from the image in accordance with the gamma desired. When a gamma is desired negative to that of the image viewed normally, the polarizreflections and has nothing to do with transmitted light.

When performing my invention with photographic silver images these are converted into a whitish or pale colored compound, such as silver iodide, or other similarly highly light depolarizing compound. In general, materials which scatter light dcpolarize it, but materials are known which scatter without appreciable depolarization and other materials are known in which depolar- Silver particles themselves,

larizers when transilluminated lsince Vl-each parti-k 'I cle reec'ts or absorbs the incident light not transe mitting 1t, and only the relatively small amount which is reflected is at all 'depolai-iied. Actus-.M

ally only a portion of the reilected light isdepolarized since silver can reilect polarized lightl unchanged depending on the relation between the `vplar'ie of polarization andthe 'plaine 1li-reflection.

I In principle Athe technique yconsists "of 'the lcon version of 4thesilver of a transparency intoa suh- 'stance which highly depolarizes light, the transpare'nc'yso modified being fpl'aced between polarizing sheets '('lters) mutually rotatable Withrespect to 'one another. For example, va fixed and washed negative, Whose densities lie preferably 'in the region represented by the 'toe 'and lower part of the characteristic curve, but which is -1 nevertheless Adeveloped to a high :gamma in 'a clean-workingdeveloper, is Ihleachedfln a bath of iodine :potassium iodide until White every- -where t Trough to the-support, cleared insodium bisulphite solution, washed -a'nd dried.4 lAlternatively, it may be bleached in a solution contain- .ing lead nitrate, potassium ferricyanide, and

acetic acid, and Washed until white. The mix ture -of -lead f-errocyande and silver ferrocyanide is anisotropic. 1t .is then placed between polar- .izing sheets and inserted (say) the stage of a powerful optical 'lantern or enlarger. 'In this, for preference, .the negative 'is .brightly 4illuminated :by diffuse light. For making -contact prints, polarizing sheet in 'thin Celluloid form n1ay be placed between theibleached Vnegative and the .printing paper Aor other copying medium.

4Another polarizing sheet, which can'be rotatedin its ovvn plane, is then placedV between the negative vand the light, and rotated funtil the .nega-tive .prints as though-'it were apositive.

The highly light depolarizing image (for example, of -silver iodide) depolarizes .some of the plane'polarized light which leaves the sheet nearest the light source, so that some of itis abl'ezto pass through the second screen whatever "the orientation of that screen. 'The :proportion 'ofi' the 'light' which is depolarized depends "on "the amountof silver iodide or otherlight depolarizing compound lat any point 'and is greatestin the highlights of the original picture Where theisaid compound 'in the negative isin greatest amount.

VThe portionnot depolarized passes the second `sc1een'roughly in prop'ortio'nto 'the square of the 'cosine of the 'angle through which itisdisplaced from theparallel position. "The relation'betw'een the tones is therefore continuously variable `by rotating one 'of the screens,andasthey'approach the fully crossed position thes'creen`moreremote from the light will extinguish 'so 'much 'of the polarized light passing through themore transparent parts of vthe negative that theyappear -less bright than the opaque parts, where'extensive -depolarization takes place. For-this purpose 'a diffused light projection apparatus fis superior 4 to one utilizing a condenser and a light source of small area.. In the case of projection printing, the screen more remote from the light may he placed in or on the objective, where it may be more readily accessible for rotation.

In the case of negatives carrying only a ghost Iimage due to exposure near the lower limit of their sensitivity, -the method can yield a direct positive image (on placing the bleached negative between crossed polarizing sheets before a bright fsource of diffusd light) which contains more use- 'fful information than that available by any other technique of direct viewing. It is thus a means fof utilizing the iutn'lc'ist speed of a given photographic negative material.

Negatives onsupports which are not completely f :isotropic may have to be oriented in a ceri-ain ,fixed relation to the stationary polarizing sheet.

"mth commercial materials this generally means that one edge of the negative must be parallel to lthe 'polarizing 'direction 'of the sheet .and the `orientation presents Eno idiinculty.

' i -An important application vof .my invention is to color printing. Dyes and pigments for .subtractive color printing from color separation negatives 'are still decient in ina-ny respects, so that y printsjo'f the highest quality can only `be made by vreducing the amount fof color printed from one negative '(e. Lg. the yellow printer) ,'by an amount 'everywhere proportional to the'color printed at the vsaure points l'from another negative or negasimple and convenient :means of utilizing one of the actual negatives as 'a 'positive mask; thus avoiding the necessity of making a special positive mask, vbuthast'he added advantage that this appar-entepositive mask can he easily varied'in its effective :gamma until the desired gamma (or .masking factor.) to verect the .required color cor- :rectio'n has heenOund. l/Ioreoverp-even when an actual :positive -i'mage mask is made, my invention fenables the eective gamma of this mask to @be "adjusted to gi-ve the correct color ycorrection Awith li-ttle'or noeiiect on the gamma of the nega tive vWith Iwhich itis bound up, -hy making such mask in la :substance of high light depolarizing power such as silver iodide and making the nega- *tive in asubstanoe oflowadepolarizing power such `:as silver for la id-ye.

`In the examples ybelow the casewhere a mask *from the `redrllter vnegative l is 'required t'o modify 'fthe lgreen-filter negative, anda 'mask `from the green-niiet negative 'lis required .to modify the "blue-fltr negativeis considered. 'The principles employed lmay, however, 'he 'adapted to :other arrangements.

` Eramplenj.

Contact positives made in the usual way from 4the me'dfl-ter and` green-lter negatives are bl'e'ach'e'd to :silver ,iodide or fthe like and -each ibound. upin'register with the 'negatives that they are required 'ftoinodify` In-eacn'case the pair is ip'l-aoed h'etw-een .polarizing sheets as outlined `tilic'iv'e. Theee'ctive gamma .of the Jbleached ipos'itivelisLthenialtered conveniently by rotating fon'e Sof'thescreensjwhilelthat of the un'oleached '-negativein registerwithfitis little affected. This -`'technique avoids thediculty :often 'encountered fin #making 1a 'mask cto an exactpre-determined Igenuina. l

of appropriate gamma.

Example B The separation negatives themselves may be 4used as positive masks by bleaching them and placing them between polarizing sheets which are oriented so as effectively to reverse them to positives. In the following steps the green-filter negative is exposed through the support, so that it can be bound in register with each of the others 4in turn.` Where the tri-color separation negatives are on very thin supports this complication may be unnecessary.`

(1) The red-filter negative (silver image) is printed without polarizing sheets. This yields the cyan print or relief. Y (2) The red-filter negative is bleached to'silver iodide, and bound up in register with the greenlter negative (silver image). The print is made with the use of polarizing sheets so oriented to each other as to reverse the bleached red-filter negative so that it prints as a positive mask of L required are made at one time in the above order,

i. e. all the cyan, all the magenta, all the yellow,

' no bleached negatives will need redevelopment.

cally) masked negatives printed in steps 2 and 3,'

yielding equal gamma in the scale of greys. Alternatively, it can be temporarily strengthened for re-use by dyeing the silver compound.

Example C By irst bleaching all three separation negatives as a routine, redevelopment complications for reprinting are avoided. The appropriate negatives are effectively reversed when required by being included between polarizing sheets, while the negatives bound up with them which are required to remain as negatives are left outside the polarizing system.

This can be very conveniently achieved by sandwiching a thin Celluloid polarizing sheet between the two bleached negatives when theyare bound up in register,

and then putting the second polarizer either on the outside of one negative or on the outside of the other negative. An alternative system is to use three polarizing sheets, so that the order of the layers is: polarizing sheet, negative,l thin polarizing sheet, negative, polarizing sheet; and by making the outermost polarizing sheets independently rotatable the gamma. of each negative of the sandwich can be independently varied, and made either positive or negative. Again the green-filter negative is exposed through the support.

(1) The bleached red-lter negative alone is printed between one pair of polarizing screens The red-lter nega- L and the screens are adjusted to give a positive -print of suitable gamma. This gives the cyan print or relief which has of course not been masked. (2) The bleached red-lter negative is bound up in register with the bleached green-filter negative with a thin polarizing sheet between them. The red-lter negative is reversed so that it prints as a positive of suitable gamma by adjusting a rotatablepolarizing sheet which is on the outside of such red-filter negative, while the green-filter negative is left as a negative and given an effective appropriate gamma by adjusting a rotatable polarizing sheet which is on the outside of such gieen-iltennegative. This gives the magenta print or relief. This same combination of negatives can also be used for step 1, by neutralizing the greenfilter negative completely, (i. e. rendering it eiiectively of uniform tone all over), with the aid of the polarizing sheet. The same set-up may therefore, if desired, be left in position while the cyan and magenta prints are made.

(3) The bleached green-filter negative (or a duplicate) is bound up in register with the bleached blue-iilter negative, with a thin polarizing sheet between them. The green-lter negative is reversed to appear as a positive of appropriate gamma by adjusting a rotatable polarizing sheet which is on the outside of such green-filter negative, while the blue-lter negative is left as a negative and given an effective appropriate gamma by adjusting a rotatable polarizing sheet which is on the outside of such blue-filter negative. This gives the yellow print or relief.

To 'obtain the best reversal eects in Examples B and C, a projection apparatus in which the registered negatives are illuminated by very diiuse light (as from an illuminated opal glass plate) should be employed. When making the negatives for use in such reversal they should- 'preferably be exposed such that the densities lie on the toe and lower part of the characteristic H and D curve of the emulsion, which in practice means that the plates or lms are used on the basis of ahigh speed rating for their grade.

The invention is illustrated in the accompanying drawing in which:

Fig. 1 illustrates projection printing according to the invention;

Fig. 2 shows an alternative detail for Fig.l 1 useful for masking.

v Figs. 3 and 4 are graphical illustrations of the theory of the invention.

In Fig. 1 light from a lamp l0 in a lamphouse H passes through a uniform polarizing filter l2 to illuminate a negative or other transparency I3 in which the image is light depolarizing. By means of a lens Ui this image is focused on a light sensitive material i6. Immediately in front of the lens lll is a uniform polarizing iilter l5 which may be rotated to have any desired orientation relative to the polarizing filter I 2. If the ilter l5 is set with its vibration axis parallel to that of the lter l2 the negative I3 will have its maximum negative gamma. As the filter l5 is rotated this contrast is reduced due to the depolarizing properties of the image in the negative '13. The denser portions of the image i3 de- Y polarize more greatly than the less dense portions. The intensity of this depolarized light is reduced by the filter l5 uniformly, whatever the orientation of the filter l5.

When the filter l 5 is rotated to bring its vibration axis exactly at right angles to that of lter the image.

'posiriv'e corresponds to the nega-tive I 3.

term specular should not be confused.

light carrying a positive irnage still passes through the filter i5. Somewhere between the two extremes in the orientation of the lter I is a point at which the gamma of the negative image in polarized light is reduced approximately to match the gamma of the positive image in depolarized light. Theoretically, the inzage should disappear entirely at this point, but actually a very low gamma image is still detectable due to the nonlinearity of the characteristic cur'v'e representing Fig. 2 illustrates an element to .replace elements' l2 and I3 of Fig. 1. In Fig. 2 the polarization filter 29 corresponds to I2 and a masking transparency 22, ier example, a color separation Between these two layers is a transparency 2f, for era-rnple, a colorv separation negative whose ini-age preferably does not depolarize light. Actually the only essential requirement in this embodiment is that the transparencies ZI and 22 have substantially different degrees of light depolarizing pow-er. With 1this arrangement, rotation of the polarizing filter i5 varies the apparent gamma of the mask 22 from a positive through zero gamma to a negative. At the same time the gamma of the transparency 2i is not alected, the only change being an increasing overall `neutral density.

The whole effect can be considered, for example, in terms of a negative 2I in combination with a masking transparency 22 made up of two parts. One of these bears a constant gamma ratio t'o the transparency 2 l, both of them being in series with a variable neutral density. The other part of the transparency 2i may be considered of the opposite gamma which remains constant as the density is varied, and hence, becomes more and ni :'e effective relative to the gamma of the transparency 2 l as the density is increased, namely, as

vthe polarizing iilter I5 is rotated to the crossed Y over the transparency i3 and also the distribution of light over the sensitive material IG in Fig. 1, is not affected in any way by the present invention. That is, there are no holes cut in. the polarizing filter i2 nor in the polarizing filter I5. This point is mentioned because it is responsible for the practical advantage which the present invention has over systems which depend on dark held illumination, i. e., illumination from the side. Y

Thus, the present invention involves gamma control by means of diercntiation from one form of illumination to another or more exactly from one for1n of printing light to another. When the polarizing iilters have their vibration axes parallel, the gamma of the transparency is approximately the. same as (slightly higher than) when no polarizing lters are present. For clarity let us assume that the transparency is a negative. The actual gamma of this negative will depend on whether the illumination is specular or diffuse; this is well known. This has nothing to do with specular reilections from an original. True, such reflections are obtained when' solidv shiny objects are specularly illuminated but there are' no specular reections from a negative Whether it is' specularly illuminated or difusely illuminated. The two meanings of the Actually, as far as the theory of the present invention is concerned, it doesl not matter Whether the illu- Cil .different from eitherof these.

niination is specular or ciuse to begin with al though I prefer to use diffuse illumination. For example, an ordinary negative of high scattering factor may have a diuse density range of 1.0 when used in a diffusing printer, whereas the .saine negative may have an effective density range of 1 7 dr eten' higher in a specular printer. This is just as triie'ior silver images as for highly depolarizihg images discussed below. The present invention can start with either of these coriditions and vary the' gamma so that the density range becomes less and less, eventually becoming zero 'and reversing so that the image eppears as a positive rather than a negative. vIn this general connection, the terms "specular and fdiuse" are used their correctnieanings 4and it should be understood that dark held illumination is quite Changing from specular illumination to diiluse illumination can never reduce gamma to zero. On the vother hand, the present invention depending on the depolarizing properties of the image provides a method of reducing gamma to zero and even reversing its sign.

Fig. 3 is intended to illustrate how the gamma of an image changes from positive to negative or vice versa as the second polarizing lter is rotated. The apparent density from point to point of the image is plotted against the amount or" material in the image. In the absence of both polarizing filters such. as I2 and I5 in Fig, 1 the transparency has an apparent density as shown by the line 30. At any point of the image where there is no image forming material present the apparent density is zero and hence the line 30 passes through the origin O. When the first polarizing :filter I2 is inserted ahead of the transparency, the apparent density at every point is raised by about .3 since this is the eiiective density oi the polarizing lter and the resulting curve is that shown as 3l. 'When the second polarizing lter I5 is inserted in the printing beam with its vibration axis parallel to that of the first lter I2 there is no increase in density at any point of the image which has zero material because the light already polarized by the first lter I2 is freely passed by the second filter I5. Hencel the curve 32 coincides with the curve 3| at zero abscissa. In practice of course the second lter would actually have some density even when parallel to the iirst but for clarity this effect is omitted from the drawings since it does not aiiwect the present invention in any way.

However due to the depolarization oi the light by the transparency, the apparent density increases as the amount of depolarization increases. Hence the curve 32'riscs from the curve 3I up to the point 33 which corresponds to that amount of image material which is just suilicient to depolarize completely the light reaching it. At this point the light is completelyV d'epolarized and since the second lter I5 has anapparent density of about .3 with respect to this light, the point 33 is about .3 higher than the corresponding point on the curve SI.- t any point of the image at which the density is greater than that necessary to depolarize the light, the present invention becomes ineffective and the curve as shown by broken lines remains at the same apparent gamma whether the polarizing iilters are present or not. Incidentally it will be noted that the curve 32 has a greater gamma than the curve 3|.

As the'- second polarizing nlter I5 is' rotated, the' apparent density of a" zero density image point increases, but the apparent density at the point 33 remains unchanged because the light is completely dcpolarized by the image anyway and rotation of the polarizing iilter does not change its eiect in any way. Therefore as the lter l is rotated, the curve shifts continuously as indicated by culves 34, 35, and 36. The point 3l on the density axis is the maximum density reached by crossed illters. AIf theoretically perfect, this maximum density would go to innity and the resultant curve would be that shown by broken line 38, The curve 34 has less gamma than the curve 32. The curve 35 has zero over-all gamma and variations from this are negligibly small. The portions of the image out beyond the point 33 would still have normal gamma, but the useful portions of the image as represented by the curve 35 have effectively zero gamma. As the polarizing lter is rotated further, the gamma `:comes negative to that which it originally had and eventua'ly results in the value indicated by the curve 3S.

The same phenomenon is plotted in Fig. 4 with respect to log exposure since this is the more usual way to consider photographic densities. The numbers 40 to 4l' correspond t0 those in 3, nos. 3S to 3l. The height at which the point Z3 comes on the H and D curve depends on the material constituting the image. In ordinary silver images this point is quite low down near the toe of the characteristic curve. The operation of the invention is restricted to log exposure values to the left of the point 43, but the same general form of curves apply for all materials. One thing brought out by Fig. 4 which is not apparent from Fig. 3 is the fact that characteristic curves representing photographic densities are always curved due to the well known toe portion and hence there is no additional detriment involved in the fact that the most negative gamma represented by the line 46 is curved.

An ordinary silver image does not have any appreciable change in depolarization effects beyond the toe of the characteristic curve as indicated by the broken curve 5U. In the very thin regions of the image below the point 5| however, there is some effect as represented by the curves 52 and 53 which are the extremes produced by rotating the analyzing lter. The fact that the point 5| is far down on the characteristic curve compared to the point 43, has both advantages and disadvantages. It means, in the first place that the effect of the present invention with ordinarysilver images is of little practical value because it is restricted to very thin negatives for example, On the other hand this is, the Very factor which permits operation of the differential gamrna control discussed above in the color correction embodiments of the invention. The original negative may be a dye image ior which the gamma is quite independent of the polarization of the transmitted light or it may be a silver image in which the gamma changes, if any, are restricted to the thinnest portions of the negative and are negligible. At the same time the mask is made of a material which is highly depoarizing and in which the depolarization is complete only at fairly high densities on the characteristic curve such as at the point 43. For log E values between the point 5| and the point 43, only the gamma of the mask changes as the polarizing lter is rotated.

The points 43 and 5l are both points of maxlmum eectve depolarization. If the polarization is complete as in the case of the point 43, the

height of this point above the curve 4| at the same log E value, is about .3, but if the maximum depolarization is less than this, the curve remains closer to the curve lll throughout. As shown by curve 53 the curve shifts parallel to itself for all points to the right of the point 5| For clarity no actual density values have been indicated on the drawings, but the curves shown correspond effectively to actual measurements which have been made. The specific form of the curve depends on the materials used, but the results are always more or loss in the form shown in l`ig.'4.

Hurter and Driiiield employed the term gamma to relate specically to the .slope or tone gradient of the straight line portion of the characteristic curve such as plotted in Fig. 4. Obviously, the present invention is concerned with the change in the tone gradient on the toe portion of the curve as well but since gamma is the accepted term, since the present invention does vary the gamma and since the other tone gradients auch as on the toe of the curve are varied in exactly the same way as the gamma is varied, the change has been referred to throughout this specincation and claims as gamma control. The very exactness of the established definition for the term gamma automatically avoids any ambiguity.

I claim:

l. The method of controlling gamma in an image which comprises forming the image in silver iodide in a transparent sheet, transilluminating the image uniformly with polarized light and orienting a polarizing filter in the light from the image in accordance with the gamma desired.

2. A method of producing negative gamma in an image which comprises forming the image in silver iodide in a transparent sheet, illuminating the image uniformly with polarized light and orienting a. polarizing lter in the light from the image approximately at right angles to the polarization of the illuminating light.

3. The method of controlling the masking factor in making processes of photographic printing, which comprises placing in contact in 'masking register two records of the same original with substantially different light depolarizing power, illuminating the records with polarized light and orienting a polarizing rllter in the light from the records in accordance with the masking factor desired.

4. The method of controlling the masking factor between two records of the same original while making a photographic print therefrom, which comprises forming the image in one of the records in translucent depolarizing pigment in a transparent sheet, the other record having a substantially non-depolarizing image, placing the two records in contact in masking register and in printing relation with one another, illuminatthe records with polarized light and orienting a polarizing filter in the light from both of the records in accordance with the masking factor desired.

5. The method according to claim 3 in which the two records are different color separation records of the same original for the correction of color rendition.

6. The method according to claim 4 in which the two records are diierent color separation records of the same original for the correction of color rendition.

CEDRIC HAROLD SMITH.

(References on following page) 1l REFERENCES CI'rED UNITED STATES PATENTS Number .Ja-n, 6, 1942 31.115714; '194.2 'July 28 1.94.2. oct. 6', 1.942 Decl5, 1.94.2. Apr. 13, 194.3

111x113, 1943 Hanan, @t 211.-. --ff QQ@ .1.9, 194.4.'

12 v FOREIGN PATENIS Number Country4 Date 839,171. France Mar. 28, 1989 f 839,172 l .France Mar. 28, 1939 839,173 France Mar. 2S, 1939 OTHER REFERENCES Tuttle; Illumination in Printing, Journal of the Society of Motion Pictures Engineers, XIX, N01 1y .July 1.932 pages 842-864, page 851 cited- Trivelrl "111e Relation Between Contrast and Number of Grains in VPhototgfraphc Emusons, E. K. @bridged publication, No. 6 78, vol. XX, 1938, pages 18T-189 Cited- Clerc: Photography, Theory and Practice, S11"- ISaaC Pitman a $9115, Ltd.. 1930, page L152 cited.

Certificate of Correction Patent No. 2,458,437. January 4, 1949. CEDRIC HAROLD SMITH It is hereby certied that error appears in the printed speoication of the above numbered patent requiring correction as follows:

Column 10, line 44, claim 3, for the Word making read masking;

and that the said Letters Patent should be read With this correction therein that the same may conform to the record of the case in the Patent Oflice.

Signed and sealed this 17th day of May, A. D. 1949.

[UML] THOMAS F. MURPHY,

Assistant Oommzssz'oner of Patents. 

